Chapter 25 161. Studies of how eclosion behavior is initiated by eclosion hormone in moths would be considered part of the field of a. motor system physiology. b. sensory system physiology. c. neuroendocrinology. d. neuroethology. 162. Work on the neuroendocrine basis of insect metamorphosis is being done by a. Kandel. b. Roeder. c. Sperry. d. Truman. 163. Truman's main scientific contributions have been in the area of a. neuroethology. b. neuroendocrinology. c. neural basis of learning. d. neural development. 164. James Truman has contributed important work in the field of a. neuroethology. b. neural development. c. neuroendocrinology. d. neural basis of simple learning. 165. The act of eclosion of a moth from its pupal case is mediated by _____ and switching from pupal to adult behavior is mediated by ____ß hormone. a. ecdysone; brain b. eclosion hormone; brain c. brain hormone; eclosion d. eclosion hormone; eclosion 166. In moths, the hormone that triggers molting from pupa to adult is called a. eclosion hormone. b. ecdysone. c. juvenile hormone. d. brain hormone. 167. In moths, eclosion hormone a. triggers molting from pupa to adult. b. suppresses pupal behavior before the molt to adult form. c. causes release of molting hormone. d. does none of the above. 168. The sequence of behaviors during insect metamorphosis is a. eclosion behavior --> adult behavior --> pupal behavior. b. pupal behavior --> eclosion behavior --> adult behavior. c. adult behavior --> eclosion behavior --> pupal behavior. d. pupal behavior --> adult behavior --> eclosion behavior. 169. The switch from pupal to adult behavior in a metamorphosing silkmoth is mediated by a. brain hormone. b. ecdysone. c. eclosion hormone. d. juvenile hormone. 170. If eclosion hormone is put on the isolated central nervous system of a pupa just ready to molt into an adult, a. all nervous activity ceases. b. the nervous system begins to express the motor pattern of eclosion after some minutes. c. the nervous system begins to express the motor patterns of adult behavior such as flying. d. nervous activity shows a strong but random increase. 171. In moths, the hormone which triggers molting from pupa to adult also is necessary for the initiation of adult behavior. This is shown by experiments in which a. the hormone was poured onto an isolated nervous system. b. the hormone was injected into "peeled" pupa before they would normally have molted. c. the brain was transplanted into the abdomen. d. the brain was removed from the pupa. 172. "Peeled" pharate moths (those that are just ready to molt to the adult form, and whose pupal cuticle has been removed by the experimenter), a. will show adult behavior only after they have expressed eclosion behavior. b. will show eclosion behavior early relative to the environmental cue that normally triggers eclosion if they are injected with eclosion hormone. c. will never spontaneously show eclosion if they have been decapitated. d. all of the above. 173. The action of eclosion hormone in switching on eclosion behavior is thought to be mediated by a. ATP. b. brain hormone. c. ACTH. d. cGMP. 174. The role of cGMP in the switch from pupal to adult behavior in moths is thought to be that a. it promotes the phosphorylation of two proteins that in turn presumably help make a population of nerve cells responsive to inputs to which they were previously not responsive. b. it acts via adenylyl cyclase to synthesize cAMP, which in turn activates protein kinases that then cause alteration of the cell's responsiveness. c. it acts directly to shut down potassium channels, thereby making the cell more excitable. d. it promotes, via a G protein, the phosphorylation of proteins that then act to regulate the state of certain potassium channels. 175. One function of eclosion hormone is to "turn on" adult behavior. This is suggested by experiments in which a. the hormone is dumped on isolated nervous systems, which then show eclosion behavior. b. a pupa is induced to molt early by injection of the hormone. c. headless pupae fail to molt. d. "peeled" pupae do not exhibit adult behavior until after eclosion hormone is released and has induced molting behavior. 176. If you "peel" the pupal case off a moth ready to molt into an adult, a. no adult behavior is expressed until the moth has gone through eclosion behavior. b. the moth never behaves like an adult. c. the moth immediately begins to behave like an adult. d. the moth behaves like an adult only after ecdysone has been injected, but not otherwise. 177. The phrase "programmed cell death" refers to a. a fixed life span among different organisms. b. a fixed life span for some neural (and other) cells. c. a gradual decline in the numbers of neurons in a mammalian CNS with age. d. the change in morphology in certain neurons during metamorphosis in moths. 178. In a developing moth, programmed cell death is usually triggered by a. reductions in blood ecdysone levels. b. increases in blood ecdysone levels. c. reductions in blood molting hormone levels. d. increases in blood molting hormone levels. 179. During metamorphosis in a moth, a. all neurons are regenerated anew. b. all neurons change shape and function. c. some neurons die and the rest move to new locations in the nervous system. d. some neurons die and some others change their branching patterns. 180. The most influential factor controlling sexual behavior in mammals other than primates is a. the animal's genetic sex (XX vs XY). b. the animal's hormonal milieu (state). c. the animal's social environment. d. the animal's upbringing. 181. Vertebrate sex hormones may exert their influence as much by inducing specific neural growth as by activating specific neural pathways, as shown by the finding that a. a castrated neonatal rat will show female behavior if given injections of estrogen. b. female canaries can be induced to sing if given injections of testosterone. c. specific regions of a rat's brain shows a high affinity of binding with estrogen. d. specific areas of a vertebrate brain are different in size in males and females, and this difference is linked to the presence or absence of specific hormones. 182. A male rat castrated at birth and given testosterone as an adult will not exhibit normal male sex behavior. This result is interpreted to mean that a. testosterone is not broken down into estrogen in certain brain cells in the adult animal. b. testosterone has an effect on the development of the brain which must occur before its behavioral effects can manifest themselves. c. injecting testosterone in an adult rat is not adequate substitute for the removed testes. d. testosterone is not responsible for male sex behavior. 183. Injection of substantial amounts of estrogen into an intact, newborn female rat produces a a. super feminized rat. b. masculinized rat. c. rat that exhibits both male and female behavior, alternately. d. normal female rat. (No. #184-186) 187. One reason for believing that hormones may affect the DEVELOPMENT of the brain is that a. removing the ovaries and injecting testosterone into neonatal female rats can result in a male-like preoptic area in size and synaptic organization. b. the preoptic area of normal male rats is much larger than that of normal female rats. c. injection of testosterone in adult female rats masculinizes them. d. removal of testes at birth produces a feminized rat. 188. In mammalian brains, testosterone and estrogens act a. at highly specific and localized brain regions. b. on the brain only at certain times of the month (i.e., they are incapable of acting at other times, even if supplied). c. at many regions scattered throughout the brain. d. indirectly, each being converted to something else before exerting their effects. 189. Morphological studies have shown that mammalian sex hormones a. have no binding affinities with any part of the brain. b. bind equally well with all regions of the brain. c. bind strongly with certain localized brain regions, but not with others. d. none of the above. 190. Female canaries injected with testosterone develop an ability to sing. This behavioral change is accompanied by a. an increased ability to learn. b. a reduction in the size of certain brain regions. c. an increase in the size of certain brain regions. d. a strong tendency toward imprinting. 191. Injection of testosterone into an adult male canary that is in the non-singing phase of its reproductive cycle will cause a. a rapid development of an ability to sing, but no change in the size of any brain region. b. a rapid development of an ability to sing, and an increase in the size of some brain regions. c. no change in the bird's ability to sing, but an increase in the size of some brain regions. d. no change either in the bird's ability to sing or in the size of any brain regions. 192. In some song birds, testosterone has been shown to a. increase the size of certain brain regions, allowing the bird to develop a repertoire of songs. b. induce the development of songs, but without enlarging any brain region. c. enlarge the entire brain, but without inducing song development. d. feminize male birds (i.e., suppress song development). 193. Present evidence suggests that in canaries, seasonal variation in singing in males in caused by seasonal a. hormonal activation of otherwise static brain regions. b. stimulation by seasonally receptive females. c. suppression of the ability of males to sing. d. build-up (in cell number, cell size, and complexity of neuronal branching) of certain brain regions. 194. Seasonal increases in the sizes of certain brain regions associated with singing in certain song birds is though to be due to a. an increase in cell size. b. a proliferation of new dendrites. c. a proliferation of new cells. d. all of the above. 195. Programmed cell death refers to the phenomenon in which neurons die a. as a result of the operation of some peculiar motor program. b. when the animal of which they are a part dies. c. at some specific time in the life cycle of the organism, irrespective of any other, extrinsic factors. d. at some specific time in the life cycle of the organism, often triggered by specific hormonal cues.