Chapter 21 41. The distinction between "prey" and "enemy" by a toad is made mainly on the basis of a. size. b. color. c. location. d. direction of movement. 42. A hungry toad will ____ß a small moving stimulus, and ____ß a large moving stimulus. a. orient toward; avoid b. orient toward; orient toward c. avoid; avoid d. avoid; orient toward 43. An elongate, horizontally oriented rectangle (2.5 mm by 15 mm) moved HORIZONTALLY in front of a hungry toad will elicit a. avoidance behavior. b. no behavior at all -- the toad will ignore the stimulus. c. an increase in blinking, indicating attention, but no movement. d. orienting toward the stimulus, and possible a strike toward it. 44. An elongate, long, vertically oriented rectangle moved horizontally in front of a hungry toad will elicit a. a peculiar type of circular searching behavior. b. either no behavior at all -- the toad will ignore the stimulus -- or else avoidance behavior, depending on the dimensions of the rectangle. c. visual following but no other movement. d. orienting toward the stimulus, and possibly a strike toward it. 45. A long, elongate, horizontally oriented rectangle moved VERTICALLY in front of a hungry toad will elicit a. visual following but no other movement. b. no orienting, but probably some avoidance. c. vigorous strike, followed by avoidance when the toad fails to catch anything. d. orienting toward the stimulus, and possibly a strike toward it. 46. The retina of a toad shows a. ganglion cells that respond exclusively to "prey" or to "enemy" stimuli. b. spatial organization of ganglion cells so that those in the dorsal part respond preferentially to "prey" stimuli. c. spatial organization of ganglion cells so that those in the ventral part respond preferentially to "prey" stimuli. d. uniformly distributed ganglion cells that may respond equally well to large or small moving stimuli. 47. Some ganglion cells in the retina of a toad show specific and unambiguous responses that signal "prey" or "enemy" when they are stimulated. This statement is a. false, which means that some ganglion cells show responses exclusively to small or to large moving stimuli. b. true, which means that some ganglion cells show responses exclusively to small or to large moving stimuli. c. false, which means that ganglion cells may show preferences in responding to small or large moving stimuli, but do not always respond only to one type or the other. d. true, which means that ganglion cells may show preferences in responding to small or large moving stimuli, but do not always respond only to one type or the other. 48. Studies of the neural mechanisms of prey identification and capture in toads would be considered part of the field of a. motor system physiology. b. sensory system physiology. c. neuroendocrinology. d. neuroethology. 49. In toads, a class of neurons in the tectum has been found that responds strongly to ____ß stimuli, but is inhibited by ____ß stimuli. a. horizontally moving, horizontally elongate; large, square. b. large, square; horizontally moving, horizontally elongate. c. horizontally moving, vertically elongate; large, square. d. large, square; horizontally moving, vertically elongate. 50. Electrolytic lesions in the pretectal region of a toad's brain has been shown to produce animals that a. fail to respond to any moving stimulus. b. show avoidance to all moving stimuli. c. sho÷ avoidance to small and orienting/striking to large moving stimuli. d. show orienting/striking to all moving stimuli. 51. Electrolytic lesions in certain regions of a toad's brain can produce animals that strike at any moving stimulus. The region(s) in which these lesions must be localized are the: a. pre-tectal areas. b. optic tectum. c. telencephalon. d. brainstem. 52. An important technique for the visualization of brain function is a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). b. computerized tomography (CAT). c. positron emission tomography (PET). d. none of the above; at present there is no technique for making visible the parts of the brain that are functionally active during a task. 53. A split-brain patient is shown a table fork in the right visual field and a bird in the left, and is asked to pick a corresponding object using the right hand. The patient would most likely pick the a. spoon, saying this was because chickens are birds, and are eaten for dinner. b. chicken, saying this was because a chicken is a bird. c. spoon, saying this was because a spoon is also table ware. d. chicken, saying this was because chickens are eaten for dinner. 54. The technique in which x-ray images are taken from many different angles to generate cross-sectional images of a body or body part is known as the ____ß technique. a. monoclonal antibody b. computed axial tomography c. positron emission tomography d. radioimmuno assay 55. Positron emission tomography is a technique in which a. gamma ray detectors are used to record the locations in the body of a particular kind of radioactive decay from radioactively labeled substances given to a subject. b. x-ray images are taken from many different angles to generate cross-sectional images of a body or body part. c. multiple antibodies are raised to a specific nervous system protein, then bound to a radioactively-labeled carrier molecule, whose distribution in the nervous system is then determined by computer-assisted, whole body imaging techniques. d. none of the above. 56. The technique in which gamma ray detectors are used to record the locations in the body of a particular kind of radioactive decay from radioactively labeled substances given to a subject is known as the ____ß technique. a. monoclonal antibody b. computed axial tomography c. positron emission tomography d. radioimmuno assay 57. The possibility of independent consciousness in the right and left hemispheres in humans was indicated by surgery in which the a. cerebellum was removed. b. corpus callosum was severed. c. substantia nigra was excised. d. motor cortex was cut. (No #58.) 59. A common thread in most diseases of the brain is a a. deficit in some developmental process. b. psychological problem caused by the patient's environment. c. problem with the ability of certain neurons to conduct action potentials. d. malfunction in one or more transmitter systems of the brain.