Biology 303 Chapter 19 Answer Key 1. Neuroethological work is typically characterized by a. work that involves careful study of cell to cell synaptic interactions. *b. special attention paid to a behavior of special importance of the animal, and to the neural basis of that behavior. c. work involving the special role that hormones may play in the behavior of an animal. d. special attention paid to the mechanisms by which neurons can generate rhythmic patterns of behavior such as swimming. 2. Neuroethology differs from neurophysiology in having a greater emphasis on the a. physiology of synapses. *b. behavior of the animal. c. brain. d. sensory system. 3. One feature the neuroethological work on moths, bats, toads and cockroaches had in common was a strong emphasis on a. a particular group of animals. b. the auditory system. *c. a behavior of extreme importance in the life of the animal. d. the mechanism of locomotion. 4. Study of the physiology of bat-avoidance and escape behavior of night-flying moths can best be considered an aspect of *a. neuroethology. b. sensory physiology. c. cellular neurophysiology. d. motor physiology. 5. Roeder's main scientific contributions have been in the area of *a. neuroethology. b. neuroendocrinology. c. neural basis of learning. d. neural development. 6. The man who could be considered the "father” of neuroethology was a. Truman. b. Sherrington. *c. Roeder. d. Sperry. 7. Kenneth Roeder has contributed important work in the field of *a. neuroethology. b. neural development. c. neuroendocrinology. d. neural basis of simple learning. 8. K.D. Roeder known as the father of neuroethology, worked on the physiological basis of *a. moth escape behavior. b. cockroach escape behavior. c. toad feeding behavior. d. none of the above behaviors. 9. The night-flying moths studied by Roeder have how many auditory neurons per ear? a. 1. *b. 2. c. 5. d. More than 5. 10. A night-flying moth can determine the direction from which a sound comes by a. twisting toward the source of the sound. b. nothing ­­ a moth cannot determine the direction from which sound originates. *c. comparing the intensity of sound at the two ears. d. using directional information from a set of giant axons in its central nervous system. 11. A moth that is very closely approached by a bat will a. turn and fly directly away from the bat. *b. begin randomly to loop, dive, or turn. c. fly straight toward the bat, attempting to confuse it by a sudden kamikaze attack. d. get eaten every time. 12. The two acoustic sensory neurons in each ear of a moth a. are equally sensitive to ultrasonic sounds. b. are equally sensitive to audible (to human) sounds. c. have different sensitivities to sound, one being sensitive to audible sound, the other being sensitive to ultrasonic sound. *d. have different sensitivities to sound, one being able to respond to sounds about one tenth as loud as the other. 13. In the auditory system of certain moths *a. neurons respond especially well to the cries of bats. b. no interneurons are used in passing information to the brain. c. there are hundreds of primary sensory fibers. d. there is sophisticated efferent control. 14. When a flying moth hears a bat that is about 5 feet away, the moth a. lands so it won't be noticed. b. ignores the bat at first, then suddenly runs and flies away from it. c. immediately turns and flies away from the bat. *d. starts an unpredictable and random series of loops and turns. 15. A moth being pursued by a bat which is within 15' of it is LEAST likely to a. fold its wings and fall to ground. *b. turn and fly directly away from the bat. c. make random and erratic loops and turns. d. make a power dive toward the ground. 16. When a flying moth hears a bat that is about 50 feet away, the moth a. lands so it won't be noticed. b. ignores the bat at first, then suddenly turns and flies away from it. *c. turns and flies away from the bat. d. starts an unpredictable and random series of loops and turns. 17. Echo-location cries from a bat between 50' and 80' from a moth a. cannot be localized in space by the moth, because the moth ear has no frequency discrimination. b. can be localized by the mechanism of lateral inhibition. *c. can be localized by differences in intensity of stimulation of the two ears by the sound. d. cannot be localized, because the sound is so loud it saturates the responses of both ears. 18. Pulse marker neurons in a moth's thoracic nervous system respond to the cries of bats. These neurons seem to a. serve no particular function with regard to analysis of bat cries. *b. help the moth determine the direction from which the bat's cries come. c. respond differentially to input from the two acoustic sensory neurons from one ear. d. help the moth control its flight "motor" so it can steer away from the bat. 19. Relay interneurons in the CNS of a moth a. respond with single action potentials to pulses of sound. b. are sensory neurons that relay information about sound to higher CNS centers. c. directly control the flight motor. *d. are interneurons that relay information about sound pulses to other sites in the CNS. 20. Studies of interneurons in the moth central nervous system suggest that the moth's decision as to whether it should fly away from a bat or fly erratically, may be made by the a. b. QUESTION OBSOLETE. c. d. 21. Escape behaviors of invertebrates a. are always mediated by the action of one or more giant neurons. b. can only be triggered via a single neural pathway. *c. may be directed away from the source of the stimulus that triggers the escape, if the stimulus is not too strong. d. all of the above. 22. When a cockroach sees a toad within about five feet of itself, it *a. ignores it, because a toad at that distance does not provide an adequate stimulus for escape. b. turns and runs away from it. c. begins a random, unpredictable series of runs and turns. d. opens its wings and takes flight. 23. Cockroach escape behavior a. is initiated by the command from sensory afferents to begin running straight ahead. b. has been well understood in physiological terms for many years. c. involves a visually guided run. *d. is an example of a behavior that had been thought to be understood but turned out more complicated than originally believed. 24. Escaping cockroaches a. run straight off. *b. turn and run. c. fake and run. d. freeze and run. 25. The initial response of a cockroach to an air disturbance from ITS right side is a. a turn to the right to see what is causing the disturbance. b. a run straight ahead. *c. a turn to the left away from the disturbance. d. none of the above. 26. The first action a cockroach takes when it detects a potential threat is a. to freeze so it won't be noticed. b. to run straight ahead, then turn away from the threat. *c. to turn away from the threat, then run straight ahead. d. to run in unpredictable, random directions so as to confuse a predator. 27. Escape in cockroaches can be triggered by an air disturbance detected by *a. sensitive hairs on the cerci. b. sensitive hairs on the legs. c. the antennae. d. vibration receptors in the legs. 28. Cerci can be used by cockroaches a. to detect sound. b. to detect air disturbances. c. to aid in their escape responses. *d. for all of the above. 29. Covering the cerci of a cockroach with petroleum jelly and putting it in with a hungry toad *a. renders it incapable of detecting the strike of the toad, so it will likely be caught. b. renders it incapable of executing an escape turn, so it will likely be caught. c. still allows it to see the toad's strike, so it will likely escape. d. causes it to remain immobilized, so that it remains uncaught because toads can't strike at stationary objects. 30. Some giant axons in cockroaches a. act as command neurons to freeze the animal so it won't be detected by a predator. *b. are directionally sensitive to airborne disturbances. c. are turned off so they won't fire accidentally during spontaneous walking. d. are sensory mechanoreceptor neurons. 31. The two sets of giant axons in cockroach CNSs seem to a. participate equally in eliciting escape behavior. b. have no roll to play in eliciting escape behavior. c. have different rolls in escape behavior, one set initiating the escape turn, the other set not being involved. *d. have different rolls in escape behavior, one set initiating the escape turn, the other set helping coordinate the turn and initiating running. 32. In cockroaches, all giant axons are maximally excited by wind stimuli from a. the right. b. the left. c. all directions equally. *d. none of the above. 33. In the cockroach escape system, recent work has suggested that *a. there are interneurons in the thoracic ganglion that are interposed between the ascending giant interneurons and the motor neurons. b. the giant interneurons act as classical command neurons, each one responsible for a turn in a specific direction. c. the giant interneurons are not important in escape. d. if the giant interneurons are destroyed, the cockroach looses the ability to run at all.